1. Buddhism

2. Surya (Sun God) worship

3. Indra

4. The Pattini (Kannaki Amman) Cult

4.1 An Keliya (horn pulling)

4.2 Pol-Keliya (coconut duel)

4.3 Water cutting ritual

5. Hinduism

5.1 Udappu

5.2 Munneswaram

5.3 Thondaimanaru

5.4 Velvettiturai

5.5 Dondra

6. Christianity - Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, Protestant

7. Islam

8. Tree worship

1. Buddhism

The ancient Kuru kingdom of India - , the original kingdom of the Kauravas. (Click for larger image)

As much as the Karavas, the Buddha too was from the Kshatriya caste and it is recorded in several Suttas that he visited the Kuru Kingdom, the country of origin of the Karavas according to Karava tradition. The Buddhist scriptures say that the Kuru (Kaurava) people were extremely intelligent and noble that they were able to easily understand advanced religios teachings. The Buddha has taught the profound Satipattana Sutta, Maha Nidana Sutta, Aneñjasappaya Sutta, Magandiya Sutta, Rattapala Sutta, Sammasa Sutta and Ariyavasa Sutta. to the Kauravas as they were intelligent and clever enough to understand these higher doctrines.

The Buddha has referred to himself as ‘the kinsman of the Sun’ (ie. that he is a descendant of the Solar Dynasty Kshatriya Caste) in the Atanatiya Sutta, Upakkilesa Sutta, Phena Sutta and several other Suttas, emphasizing his Kshatriya caste.

The Five precepts practiced in the Theravada world is founded on the 'Kuru Dharma' of the Kauravas. See Kuru Dharma Jataka.

In the the Agganna Sutta, Ambattha Sutta, Madura Sutta and several other Suttas the Buddha says : “the Kshatriya caste is the highest caste”. As such contrary to the modern notion, the Buddha was never a crusader against the traditional caste system of India or a social reformer. His challenge was to the Brahmins who had by them corrupted the ancient Dharmas of the subcontinent.

New research from India suggests that the actual place of birth of the Buddha was in Orissa and not in Nepal. See Orissa Historical Journal. (OHRJ XLVII 2004 Vol No. 1 pg 7 -15) If so the Kuru kingdom visited by the Buddha could be the Kurumandala region adjoining Orissa (the region of migation for most Karavas). It may also explain why so many suttas have been preached in the Kuru country.

The Buddhist flag of the modern world was based on the ancestral flag of the Karava ‘Thakura Artha-deva Adithya’ Lindamulage de Silva family. (see illustration on left)

When a group of Kandyan monks attempted to monopolise higher ordination only to their kin group, Karava monks were among the groups of monks who undertook the hazardous sea voyage to Burm to obtain higher ordination and make it available to all Sri Lankans irrespective of their caste.

The Kumara Kanda Vihara in Dodandwa (above) a centre of Buddhist culture and study during the past century. Since the revival of Buddhism during the Dutch period, many Karavas have initiated the building and funding of Buddhist temples big and small in all parts of the country.

Some of the better known temples patronised by the Karavas are:

The Gothami Vihara in Borella was built by Mrs. Apalonia Soysa and the shrine room walls were illustrated by David Paynter from the Karava Weerasoriya family.

The Soysas were the patrons of the Hanguranketha Raja Maha Vihara for almost a century.

The Vajiraramaya in Bambalapitiya was built by Mrs. Jeremias Dias (Pattini Hennedige Warnadeeptya Kurukulasuriya Selestina Rodrigo) together with the leading Budhist girls schools Visaka Vidyalaya near by. The Vajiraramaya is a principal Buddhist centre of the Durava community now.

The Rankoth Vihara in Panadura was founded by Karavas and handsomely endowed by wealthy Karavas. The Sri Sumangala Vidyalaya in Panaadura was built on land gifted by this Rankoth Vihara and funding for building and establishing the school came from leading Karavas.

The Siam Nikaya which is given the premier status by Govigama dominated governments allows only Govigama men to ordain in it. It does not allow any other caste to enter it. See Siyam Nikaya for Sri Lankan state support for this caste discrimination against non-govigama castes. The Other two Nikayas, The Amarapura Nikaya and the Ramanna Nikaya are open to anyone from any caste, just as the Buddha did.

However the Siyam Nikaya's 'Govigama only' discrimination hasn't prevented pious Buddhist from contributing generously to the Temple of the Tooth and other temples that are totally controlled by the 'Govigama only' Siyam Nikaya. However the non-Govigama donors aren't noted or celebrated. They are probably taken to be suckers and treated accordingly.

The Karava philanthropist, Mrs Jeramias Dias, from the Rodrigo family of Panadura founded the Visaka Vidyalaya in 1917. She gave away over Rs. 2 million (approx 200,000 sterling) to charity, a colossal sum at that time. However D. B. Jayathilleke from the Govigama cabal had got in as the Treasurer of the school and as such funds were always in short supply.

The situation was the same at the YMBA too where Jayatilleke was handling money. Old timers narrate how Jayatilleke used to visit Karava philanthropists before the AGM and plead with them to cover up shortages. Jayatilleke also toured the country collecting large donations from Karava businessmen, purportedly for building schools and other projects – all in the name of Buddhism and targeting the generous and pious qualities of the wealthy Karavas. However, money disappeared, Jayatilleke became a hero and the names of the Karava donors are now never even mentioned.

W. A. de Silva, another Karava philanthropist, mortgaged his “Sravasti’ mansion to settle D. B. Jayatilleke’s staggering debts at the Colombo YMBA and lost his mansion. “Sravasti’. His mansion still exists near the Colombo Museum. It's now a hostel for government Ministers.

There are old times who say that D. B. Jayatilleke may have deliberately led W. A. de Silva and other Karavas to financial ruin. When P de S Kularatne returned from England and applied to be the Principal of Ananda College, the anti-karava D. B. Jayatilleke had tried his best to block it. And if not for the intervention of W. A. de Silva the course of Ananda Nalanda and many other Buddhist schools would have taken a different course.

Other Karava financiers of Buddhist causes were: Thomas Amarasuriya of Galle who founded Mahinda College the leading Buddhist school in the southern province, Simon Perera Abeywardena, Jeremias Dias who was the principal lay supporter of the Rankoth Vihara built by his Father Haramanis Dias.

Jeremias Dias also gave large sums of money to other temples and Buddhist schools. This family also contributed handsomely for the acquisition of Buddhagaya in India for the Buddhist. (However their names are never mentioned now and Anagarika Dharmapala has become the sole saviour of Buddagaya).

Merennage Mathes Salgado supported many Buddhist charities and founded the Buddhist temple at Pinwella. Mahavaduge Cornelis Perera too gave lavishly towards Buddhist schools and his nephew Wilmot Perera founded the Buddhist School and cultural centre "Sri palee".

Laura Elsie de Silva Jayewardene (Mrs H. de S. Kularatne after marriage) inaugurated Prajapathi Gothami the leading Buddhist girl’s school in Ambalangoda (then Girls English school ) at her father's residence "Jaya Siri" Bandarawatte, and gifted the house and land to the school.

P de S Kularatne, principal of Ananda, the leading Buddhist school in the country, founded Nalanda College and many other Buddhist schools. Colonel Olcott died in Feb 1907 and Nalanda was established by P de S Kularatne in 1925. However the Nalanda College web site appears to grudge giving Kularatne his due credit and has placed Olcott above everyone else on their official website.

2. Surya (Sun God) worship

Surya Deva (Sun God) worship appears to have been popular in ancient Sri Lanka - among the Anuradhapura kings as well as the Kataragama Kshatriya kings of southern Sri Lanka.

The Buddha himself has extolled his Kshatriya Surya Vamsa ancestry (ie. that he is a descendant of the Solar Dynasty Kshatriya Caste) in the Atanatiya Sutta, Upakkilesa Sutta, Phena Sutta and several other Suttas) and the worship of Buddha statues was in itself a homage to the Sun God. When Solar Dynasty (Surya wamsa) rule was strong the Surya wamsa king himself appears to have been worshiped by the public as the Sun God. Later, the King appears to have also projected himself as a future Buddha (Bodhisatva) and strengthened the cult of divine royalty. H. W. Codrington refers to a ola document he found in the Colombo museum bound with the Rajavamsa text. In it the king refers to himself as Surya maharaja - Sun God (EZ IV p 12)

A large statue in Weligama, Sri Lanka, known as Kustaraja. Sri Lankan historians say this east facing image is of a Bodhisatva (future Buddha). No one has dared to suggest that it is a king in Surya Deva (Sun God) form.

Two similar statues found elsewhere and relocated to the Ruvanveliseya. The broken hands have been replaced with cement hands in a praying pose and the statues have been arbitrarily caled Dutugemunu and Bhatikabaya

.

Left: Another relocated statue. This has been brought to the Kiri Vehera in Kataragama. The broken arms have been remolded in a uncharacteristic pose.

Right: A Statue of Surya Deva, head and body badly repaired and relocated to the Ruvanveli Seya and displayed as Maitreya, the future Buddha.

Left: Another giant statue from southern Sri Lanka. This is from Dambegoda. The hand gestures have been spared the praying cement treatment but It is called a Bohdisatva.

Are these all really Bodhisatvas ? Or are these deliberate attempts to erase all traces of Sri Lanka's ancient Kshatriya Surya Vamsa, Solar Dynasty, Sun God worship ?

Or are some of them Indra the god of the Kshatriyas (wariors). See below.

The Natha Devale in Kandy too has a similar statue with a broken arm within it’s inner chamber. This Devcale is considered the oldest building in Kandy and the Devale takes precedence over the 4 Devales. Former kings conducted their pre-ascension ceremonies here. The rituals such as distributing anointing portions for the Sri Lankan Solar New Year are to date the responsibility of this Devale.

The Sri Lankan New year celebrated in April too was historically a festival in honour of the Sun God. However it has now been given a new twist as a harvest festival. The rise of the cultivator caste in Sri Lanka during the past century may be the reason for this twist.

3. Indra

In Vedic times, Indra was the supreme ruler of the gods (Devas). He was the god of war, the god of thunder and storms, the greatest of all warriors. He had early aspects of a sun-god, riding in a golden chariot across the heavens, but he is more often known as the god of thunder, wielding the celestial weapon Vajra, the lightening bolt. He also employs the bow, a net, and a hook in battle. He shows aspects of being a creator god, having set order to the cosmos, and since he was the one who brought water to earth, he was a fertility god as well. He also had the power to revive slain warriors who had fallen in battle.

Indra’s sons are named as Jayanta, Midhusa, Nilambara, Rbhus, Rsabha, Sitragupta, and, most importantly, Arjuna.

He was known as a great drinker of Soma; When not in his chariot, Indra rode on the great white elephant Ayravana (Airavata)

Indra held court at Svarga, his heaven in the clouds surrounding the highest peak of the sacred mountain Meru. Slain warriors were believed to go here after death and lived forever without sorrow, suffering, or fear. His kingdom was full of dancing, music, gaming and athletic contests.

In later Brahmanical times Indra was displaced by Shiva and Vishnu and eventually given the role of god of thunder, the weather god and lord of lesser gods.

Some of the Statues illustrated under Surya Deva and are arbitrarily called Bodhisatvas (future Buddha) in Sri Lanka could also be of Indra, the god of the Kshatriyas (wariors)

Left: a seated statue of Indra from Nepal

and below: a 8 -9 th century statue from Sri Lanka which is being called Avalokithesvara. But it is probably a statue of God Indra (Sun God) - the god of Sri Lanka's Solar (Sun / Surya) dynasty Kshatriya kings.

The lamp illustrated on the right was one of a pair found in the upper relic chamber of the Kotavehera at Dedigama. The figure on the elephant appears to be Indra although for some strange reason no one has attempted to identify the figure as such.

According to folklore Dedigama was where the Iron mace of king Gajabahu was buried. And according to the Kurunegala Vistaraya, king Gajabahu abandoned Dedigama after he built a city at Beligala. This further confirms the period and territory of Gajabahu’s rule. Later Dedigama was the seat of the Keerawella family founded by Rajput Thakura (Godakumbura 1969 pages 5, 24, 28) All of these royals were Karavas.

5. Hinduism

According to Karava tradition the Kuru Kingdom is the ultimate country of origin of the Karavas. The great epic, the Mahabharata is the story of the Kauravas and Pandavas. Several Hindu Karava communities in Sri Lanka still annually enact scenes from the Mahabharata war. Mr Somasuriya, a Sinhala speaking Karava from the ancient Karava settlement of Kandalama near Dambulla recalls how his Mother used to tell them to think of Arjuna (the hero in Mahabharata) for comfort when they as kids (possibly 1960s) were fearful of thunder.

Another God popular with both Hindu and Buddhist Karavas is Lord Skanda (also known as Murugan, Kandasamy. Katharagama etc). He is the Indian god of war and Karavas being a martial race his appeal to the Karavas is quite understandable. As a god of war, he is often depicted with many weapons including: a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow .

Because the Karava are a race it appears that the Karavas had their own priestly class within it. Many Karava ancestral names such as Dévagé, Ginigé, Gurunnanselage, Guruge, Kapugé, Pattini, Sattambige, Tantrige, Telgé, Vedage, Yeddehige etc. indicating religious ocupations seem to suggest that.

The Karava Wickramasuriya family had been the custodians of the Kataragama Devale in Kataragama and the Karava Andra Hennedige family had been the custodians of the Kataragama devale at Dondra in the south. A branch of the Weerawickrama Wijesuriyage Weerawickramasuriya family still holds the Maha Bethme Nilame post of the Sri Vishnu Devale in Kataragama. The Selva Sannithi Murugan Temple in Thondaimanaru too has always been under Kurukulam (Karava) patronage - Family tree

Some scholars believe that the numerous St. Mary's and St. Anne's churches in the maritime provinces display the transformation from previous worship of Mariamman and Patini. St. Anne's churches dating from the Portuguese period are at Wattala,

5.1 Udappu

Udappu is a Karava village situated 65 miles north of Colombo. The people of the village are Hindu Karawa, with a cultural life that is altogether different from others living along the coast in the Chilaw District. They take pride in claiming descent from Kurukulather Chiefs of the Varnakulasuriya clan, who came over from India with their Makara flag and pearl umbrella, under circumstances caused by an unfortunate romance.

According to the story, their King had a beautiful daughter, named Kamalakanni, who was sought after as a bride by the King of the Maravars. But her father would not agree to a marriage with the Maravar. Fear of the persistent and powerful lover Kamalakanni's father agreed to the marriage and he even built the nuptial halls and pandals as was customary at that time.

But the night before the wedding, he fled with all his people and their belongings The angry man was made more angry when he found that instead of a bride waiting for him there was a bitch left tied to the Arasanikal (Bridal Post) and swore to avenge the humiliation and loss of honour he thus suffered.

The Karawe party landed at Mannar but came down south to Kalpitiya and from there to Puttalam, finally traveling through Mundel to settle down at Udappu, some of them later shifted to villages nearby, such as Munneswaram, Gojjaragama and Mandanmunai.

The village is famous for the annual fire walking and water rites performed at it's temple and the reenactment of the Mahabharata war. See Udappu.org for more information.

The main shrine at Udappu is dedicated to Draupadi, the wife of the five Pandya brothers, cousins of the Kauravas of the Mahabharata epic. (The Mahabharata is the origi n story of the Karavas - see Timeline of the Karava I )

The festival is held in july/august and the fifth day falls on the the day the new moon appears.

The worship at Selvasannithi is unique. As Professor K. Sivathamby points out, the temple priests here perform puja as "first among the worshippers" poojas being done without chanting mantram. . The piety, with which the devotees worships takes precedence over rituals and traditions.

Hon. Justice C.V. Wigneswaran, a judge of the Court of Appeal says :

"Becoming is said to manifest in three stages. First stage is the kāma or the desire or the ichcha to become. Second is the jñāna or the wisdom to become. And finally it is the action or kriya of becoming. Thus ichcha, jñāna, and kriya or will, wisdom and action respectively are the three subsequent manifestations of the primordial throb of the one state of transcendental reality.

"Valli is Ichcha Sakti and Teyvayānai is Kriya Sakti. Since Katirgamar was born from the third eye or the eye of wisdom of Shiva, Katirgamar stands for divine knowledge and wisdom (jñāna). Just before any manifestation, in its purest state, 'Being-Becoming' or Katirgamar state has no form, no name, no attribute, no qualities nor functions. This is the subtle inconceivable state of the "Being-Becoming" which is worshipped in Katirgamar as the Supreme Transcendental Absolute (formless form).

"This accounts for the shrine at Katirgamam having no image nor idol whatsoever or even a symbol since divinity transcends all these. What is explained by such a temple is that Divinity is inconceivable and inexpressible. In other words it is apparently 'nil' but potentially 'full'."

5.4 Velvettiturai

5.5 Dondra

Vishnu Temple in the southern most point of Sri Lanka is situated in the ancient Karava settlement of Thenuvar (now called Devinuwara and Dondra). It was a prosperous port city before it was destroyed by the Portuguese in the 16th century . Thenuwara is used as a family name by a few Karava families to date. Until the 1970s, the Basnayake Nilame of this temple was from the Karava Wijetunga family of Matara.

Karava infants were traditionally adorned with a gold pendant embellished with five weapons (Panchaudha or Pancha aayudha the weapons of Lord Vishnu) as a symbol of it's warrior heritage.

The vehicle of Lord Vishnu, the Garuda is seen on ancient Karava flags. See Garuda flag

The Karava Andra Hennedige family were custodians of the Kataragama devale on the premises and many Karava families officiated for generations as temple priests. The premises of one such family is still known as Pattini Gedera although they are no longer connected with the devale.

6. Christianity - Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, Protestant

In Negombo, Chilaw, Jaffna, down south and in the interior there are scores of Cathedrals and churches either built or supported by Karavas.

The entrance to our Lady of Carmel Cathedral in Chilaw, before it was modernised.

Researchers who seem to have done superficial research on Sri Lanka have stated that marginal groups were the first to convert to Catholicism. However Portuguese records from the period show that the Portuguese strategy was to first convert the Royal family and nobles and to use them as examples for others to follow. The conversions in the Kotte and Jaffna kingdoms have followed this method. Some interesting research in this regard has been published by Alan Strathern in Kingship and Conversion in Sixteenth-Century Sri Lanka, Cambridge University Press 2007

In a letter written on 20th March 1557 to the guardian of the religious order, The king of Portugal, King John III himself, expresses his joy as follows on the conversion of a Karava Patangatim and his people : “I am much pleased to rejoice at the news you give me of how our lord has been pleased through the agency of the members of your order to illuminate the Nation of the Carias who you say live in the ports of Ceylon, and are said to exceed 70,000 souls, whose captain named Patangatim accompanied them” (Queyroz 327).

The Jesuit annual letter of 29/12/1606 from Cochin states that the early Portuguese missionaries first concentrated on converting the Karava Patabändas as they were the leaders and rulers of the people. They were used as examples for other gentiles to follow (Perniola II.254) The Portuguese have documented many instances where hundreds of others converted, following the Patabända’s conversion (Perera. C.A. & L. R. 1916 II.24).

Similarly, in Jaffna, in 1623 the Portuguese baptized King Pararajasekaran IX’s two queens as Dona Clara da Silva and Dona Antonia da Silva, several nephews of the king, nine Patangatims and all other chief persons of the Karava caste.(Perniola Portuguese period III)

Some scholars believe that the numerous St. Mary's and St. Anne's churches in the maritime provinces display the transformation from previous worship of Mariamman and Kaliamman.

Karavas have been prominent Bishops and held other high ecclesiastic positions in all denominations. The first People's warden of St. Peter's Church, Koralawella was from the Karava de Mel family. Charles Harold, a grandson of C. H. de Soysa was the second native Bishop of Sri Lanka.

Above: Holy Emmanuel Church Moratuwa built by the Karawe de Soysas.

The British Governor and lady Mc Carthy were present when the church was consecrated by Bishop Chapman on 27th December 1860.

Below: an interior view

St Lukes Church, Moratuwa built by the Karave family of Mr. Manuel de Mel

References

• Godakumbura C. E. The Kotavehera at Dedigama 1969 Department of Archaeology Ceylon
• Jayawardena Kumari 2000 The rise of the colonial bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka
• Obeyesekere Gananatha The Cult of Goddess Pattini University of Chicago
• Perniola Fr. S. J. The History of the Catholic Church - Portuguese period
• Peebles Patrick 1995 Social Change in nineteenth century Ceylon
• Peebles Patrick 2006 History of Sri Lanka
• Pieris P. E. The Ceylon Littoral, AD 1593
• Queyroz Fr. S. J. 1688 The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylaö
• Roberts Michael Caste conflict and elite formation London 1982

The Karavas have migrated to Sri Lanka over the past 2500 years at different times under different circumstances (see migration from India) As such they seem to have brought different religions with them based on the religious circumstances of the times and the location from which they came.

The earliest migrants may have brought the Surya deva and Indra worship where as those who migrated during Asokan times and the 12th century kalinga kingdom would have brought Buddhism. At most other times it could have been Vishnu, Shiva and Skandha worship. The migrants who came during Portuguese times could have been Roman Catholics.

The modern Buddhist flag above

The 'pancharanga' flag of the Karava ‘Thakura Arta-deva Adithya’ clan (Lindamulage de Silva family of Moratuwa). The colors of the stripes are blue, gold, red , white and purple. This flag was made available to the flag committee by Mrs. G. J. R. de Soysa. Colonel Olcott’s design for the Buddhist flag above was based on this flag

Weligama Sri Sumangala Maha Nayaka Thero (7th Dec 1825 -1905) The scholar monk who researched and prepared the arguments for the Panadura Vadaya debate with Christian catechists.

Agga Maha Panditha Polwate Buddadatta Maha Nayaka Thero, The great scholar Monk

Rev. Welipatanvila Deepankara

Dodanduwe Piyaratana Tissa Thero (1826 -1907) He was the Maha Nayaka Thero of the Amarapura Nikaya circa 1860s. He established Sri Lanka's first Buddhist school in 1869 and also initiated and popularize the 'Poruwa' ceremonty at Buddhist weddings. He ordained The Tibetan Monk S. Mahinda and admistered 'pansil' to Olcott. The stone satue in his Sailabimbarama temple is from Kaveri Pattanum, south India.

Mrs. Apalonia Pieris who built the Gothami Vihara at Borella. She was Sir James Pieris' mother.

The Karava philanthropist, Mrs Jeramias Dias (Pattini Hennedige Warnadeeptya Kurukulasuriya Selestina Rodrigo from the Rodrigo family of Panadura), founder of Visaka Vidyalaya in 1917. She gave away over Rs. 2 million to charity a colossal sum at that time.

The Karava philanthropist W. A. de Silva

P. de S Kularatne, one of Sri Lanka’s greatest educationalist and the founder of many Buddhist schools. He pioneered the Sri Lankan National dress in 1931 by wearing it to Ananda. Five other teachers followed from the next day.

A Surya Deva (Sun God ) image from UP, India. Similar statues in Sri Lanka are (mis) identified as Bodhisattvas.

Sun God from Konark Sun Temple, India. When similar statues are found in Sri Lanka, the broken hands are replaced with cement hands in a praying pose and the statues are promptly named after some king.

Natha, Avalokitheswara and Surya are thought by some to be names given to the same god during different dynasties.

The above statue from Suriyagoda Vihara, Kandy, although called a Bodhisattva as usual, could very well be Surya Deva.

The above King Bhuvanekabahu VII was one of the three princes who sought refuge with a Karava patabenda during the palace coup of their father king Vijayabáhu VII (AD 1509 -1521)

Above: A mask representing a King. These masks are made and used by the Karava of Ambalangoda in their traditional folk plays. There are masks representing the Queen and several other too.

Above, Nallur Kandasamy (Skanda) Temple built on Kurukkal Valavu after the temple built in 1467 by Xemba Perumal the son of Karava prince Manikka Thalevan of the Mukkara Hatana was destroyed by the Portuguese. Xemba Perumal (prince Sapumal) and his brother were adopted by King Parakramabahu VI of Kotte because their father died in the seige of Nagapattinam. Xemba Perumal ruled the north as a viceroy and later ascended the throne of Kotte as Bhuvanekabahu VI (1470 - 1480). Hymns to his praise are still sung in the Nallur temple.

The statue of Draupathi Amman (Draupadi) being carried by devotees at Udappu's annual festival.

A relief from Deogrh Dasavatar Temple. The central figure is Yudhishthira ; to his left are Bhima and Arjuna . Nakula and Sahadeva the twins are to his right. Their wife Draupadi is at far right.

Preparation of the fire walking pit opposote the temple (above) and below, the medium with the silver pot of flags ( Karakam ) is the first to walk on the fire. He is followed by thousands of others - the highest number to do so in the whole of Sri Lanka.

More photos here

The Sivan Temple at Munnewsaram near Colombo. For generations the Trustees of this Temple have been Karavas and it is said that the annual pageant used to commence it's tour of the streets only after the arrival of the Karava chief.

Selva Sanniti MurukanTemple - Sella Katirkâmam of the North (above) is situated in Thondaimanaru, about twenty miles north of Jaffna. Here too, as at Kataragama in the south of the country, a free non-agamic environment for worship pervades.

The 'Vellala only' discriminations introduced by Arumuga Navalar in the recent past do not operate here. Persons of various creeds and castes congregate here for darshan (viewing and getting blessed) of the Vel (spear – the weapon of Lord Murugan)

Vishnu Temple Devinuwara (Dondra)

According to the Thisara Sandesha of the Kotte period, Varuna, Upulvan, Rama and Vishnu were names used to describe the same god.